Pop Art 6 Name of the Least Three Dry Media Used in Drawing

Art forms that create works that are primarily visual in nature

The visual arts are art forms such as painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, photography, video, filmmaking, pattern, crafts and architecture. Many artistic disciplines such as performing arts, conceptual art, and fabric arts likewise involve aspects of visual arts as well every bit arts of other types. Also included within the visual arts^[1] are the applied arts^[ii] such every bit industrial blueprint, graphic design, fashion design, interior pattern and decorative fine art.^[iii]

Current usage of the term "visual arts" includes fine fine art too as the practical or decorative craft, but this was non always the case. Before the Arts and crafts Motion in Britain and elsewhere at the plow of the 20th century, the term 'artist' had for some centuries often been restricted to a person working in the fine arts (such equally painting, sculpture, or printmaking) and not the decorative arts, craft, or applied Visual arts media. The distinction was emphasized by artists of the Craft Movement, who valued vernacular art forms equally much every bit high forms.^[four] Art schools made a distinction between the fine arts and the crafts, maintaining that a craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner of the arts.

The increasing tendency to privilege painting, and to a lesser degree sculpture, above other arts has been a feature of Western art as well equally East Asian art. In both regions painting has been seen as relying to the highest degree on the imagination of the artist, and the furthest removed from manual labour – in Chinese painting the most highly valued styles were those of "scholar-painting", at least in theory expert by gentleman amateurs. The Western hierarchy of genres reflected similar attitudes.

Education and training [edit]

Training in the visual arts has generally been through variations of the apprentice and workshop systems. In Europe the Renaissance movement to increase the prestige of the creative person led to the academy system for training artists, and today most of the people who are pursuing a career in arts train in art schools at tertiary levels. Visual arts accept now become an elective subject field in about educational activity systems.^{[5] [half dozen]}

Drawing [edit]

Cartoon is a ways of making an paradigm, illustration or graphic using any of a wide variety of tools and techniques available online and offline. Information technology more often than not involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool beyond a surface using dry media such as graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels, and markers. Digital tools, including pens, stylus, that simulate the effects of these are also used. The primary techniques used in drawing are: line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, shading, scribbling, stippling, and blending. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to equally a draftsman or draughtsman.^[7]

Drawing and painting goes dorsum tens of thousands of years. Art of the Upper Paleolithic includes figurative art commencement betwixt nigh 40,000 to 35,000 years agone. Not-figurative cave paintings consisting of manus stencils and simple geometric shapes are fifty-fifty older. Paleolithic cave representations of animals are found in areas such as Lascaux, France and Altamira, Espana in Europe, Maros, Sulawesi in Asia, and Gabarnmung, Australia.

In ancient Egypt, ink drawings on papyrus, often depicting people, were used as models for painting or sculpture. Drawings on Greek vases, initially geometric, later developed to the human course with black-figure pottery during the 7th century BC.^[viii]

With paper becoming common in Europe by the 15th century, cartoon was adopted by masters such as Sandro Botticelli, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci who sometimes treated drawing as an fine art in its own correct rather than a preparatory stage for painting or sculpture.^[9]

Painting [edit]

Painting taken literally is the practice of applying pigment suspended in a carrier (or medium) and a binding amanuensis (a glue) to a surface (support) such every bit paper, canvass or a wall. However, when used in an creative sense it ways the use of this activity in combination with drawing, composition, or other aesthetic considerations in order to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Painting is also used to express spiritual motifs and ideas; sites of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery to The Sistine Chapel to the human being body itself.^[ten]

History [edit]

Origins and early history [edit]

Similar drawing, painting has its documented origins in caves and on rock faces. The finest examples, believed past some to be 32,000 years erstwhile, are in the Chauvet and Lascaux caves in southern France. In shades of red, brown, yellow and blackness, the paintings on the walls and ceilings are of bison, cattle, horses and deer.

Paintings of human figures can be found in the tombs of ancient Egypt. In the great temple of Ramses II, Nefertari, his queen, is depicted being led by Isis.^[11] The Greeks contributed to painting but much of their work has been lost. One of the best remaining representations are the Hellenistic Fayum mummy portraits. Another example is mosaic of the Boxing of Issus at Pompeii, which was probably based on a Greek painting. Greek and Roman fine art contributed to Byzantine fine art in the fourth century BC, which initiated a tradition in icon painting.^[12]

The Renaissance [edit]

Apart from the illuminated manuscripts produced by monks during the Center Ages, the next significant contribution to European art was from Italy'southward renaissance painters. From Giotto in the 13th century to Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael at the get-go of the 16th century, this was the richest period in Italian art as the chiaroscuro techniques were used to create the illusion of three-D space.^[13]

Painters in northern Europe too were influenced by the Italian schoolhouse. January van Eyck from Belgium, Pieter Bruegel the Elder from holland and Hans Holbein the Younger from Germany are among the most successful painters of the times. They used the glazing technique with oils to accomplish depth and luminosity.

Dutch masters [edit]

The 17th century witnessed the emergence of the swell Dutch masters such equally the versatile Rembrandt who was peculiarly remembered for his portraits and Bible scenes, and Vermeer who specialized in interior scenes of Dutch life.

Baroque [edit]

The Baroque started later on the Renaissance, from the late 16th century to the late 17th century. Master artists of the Bizarre included Caravaggio, who made heavy use of tenebrism. Peter Paul Rubens, a Flemish painter who studied in Italy, worked for local churches in Antwerp and also painted a serial for Marie de' Medici. Annibale Carracci took influences from the Sistine Chapel and created the genre of illusionistic ceiling painting. Much of the development that happened in the Bizarre was because of the Protestant Reformation and the resulting Counter Reformation. Much of what defines the Baroque is dramatic lighting and overall visuals.^[14]

Impressionism [edit]

Impressionism began in France in the 19th century with a loose clan of artists including Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Paul Cézanne who brought a new freely brushed mode to painting, often choosing to paint realistic scenes of modern life outside rather than in the studio. This was achieved through a new expression of aesthetic features demonstrated by brush strokes and the impression of reality. They achieved intense color vibration by using pure, unmixed colours and short brush strokes. The movement influenced art as a dynamic, moving through fourth dimension and adjusting to newfound techniques and perception of art. Attention to detail became less of a priority in achieving, whilst exploring a biased view of landscapes and nature to the artists center.^{[xv] [sixteen]}

Post-impressionism [edit]

Towards the stop of the 19th century, several immature painters took impressionism a stage further, using geometric forms and unnatural color to draw emotions while striving for deeper symbolism. Of particular note are Paul Gauguin, who was strongly influenced by Asian, African and Japanese fine art, Vincent van Gogh, a Dutchman who moved to France where he drew on the strong sunlight of the southward, and Toulouse-Lautrec, remembered for his vivid paintings of night life in the Paris district of Montmartre.^[17]

Symbolism, expressionism and cubism [edit]

Edvard Munch, a Norwegian artist, developed his symbolistic approach at the end of the 19th century, inspired by the French impressionist Manet. The Scream (1893), his most famous work, is widely interpreted equally representing the universal feet of mod homo. Partly as a result of Munch's influence, the High german expressionist movement originated in Federal republic of germany at the beginning of the 20th century as artists such as Ernst Kirschner and Erich Heckel began to misconstrue reality for an emotional outcome.

In parallel, the style known as cubism developed in France as artists focused on the volume and space of sharp structures inside a limerick. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque were the leading proponents of the motility. Objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form. By the 1920s, the style had developed into surrealism with Dali and Magritte.^[eighteen]

Printmaking [edit]

Ancient Chinese engraving of female instrumentalists

Printmaking is creating, for artistic purposes, an paradigm on a matrix that is and so transferred to a two-dimensional (flat) surface past means of ink (or another form of pigmentation). Except in the instance of a monotype, the same matrix tin be used to produce many examples of the print.

Historically, the major techniques (likewise called media) involved are woodcut, line engraving, etching, lithography, and screen printing (serigraphy, silk screening) but there are many others, including mod digital techniques. Usually, the print is printed on paper, but other mediums range from cloth and vellum to more than modern materials.

European history [edit]

Prints in the Western tradition produced earlier most 1830 are known equally old master prints. In Europe, from around 1400 AD woodcut, was used for master prints on paper by using printing techniques developed in the Byzantine and Islamic worlds. Michael Wolgemut improved German woodcut from about 1475, and Erhard Reuwich, a Dutchman, was the first to use cross-hatching. At the terminate of the century Albrecht Dürer brought the Western woodcut to a stage that has never been surpassed, increasing the status of the single-leaf woodcut.^[19]

Chinese origin and practice [edit]

In China, the art of printmaking developed some 1,100 years ago as illustrations alongside text cutting in woodblocks for printing on paper. Initially images were mainly religious but in the Song Dynasty, artists began to cut landscapes. During the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1616–1911) dynasties, the technique was perfected for both religious and artistic engravings.^{[20] [21]}

Development in Japan 1603–1867 [edit]

Woodblock press in Japan (Japanese: 木版画, moku hanga) is a technique best known for its use in the ukiyo-e artistic genre; however, it was likewise used very widely for printing illustrated books in the same period. Woodblock press had been used in China for centuries to print books, long earlier the advent of movable type, but was only widely adopted in Nippon during the Edo period (1603–1867). Although similar to woodcut in western printmaking in some regards, moku hanga differs greatly in that water-based inks are used (every bit opposed to western woodcut, which uses oil-based inks), allowing for a wide range of vivid color, glazes and color transparency.

Photography [edit]

Photography is the process of making pictures by means of the activity of low-cal. The light patterns reflected or emitted from objects are recorded onto a sensitive medium or storage chip through a timed exposure. The process is done through mechanical shutters or electronically timed exposure of photons into chemical processing or digitizing devices known equally cameras.

The word comes from the Greek φως phos ("calorie-free"), and γραφις graphis ("stylus", "paintbrush") or γραφη graphê, together meaning "drawing with calorie-free" or "representation by ways of lines" or "cartoon." Traditionally, the product of photography has been chosen a photograph. The term photograph is an abridgement; many people also call them pictures. In digital photography, the term image has begun to replace photo. (The term image is traditional in geometric eyes.)

Architecture [edit]

Architecture is the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived every bit cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.

The primeval surviving written work on the bailiwick of architecture is De architectura, past the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. Co-ordinate to Vitruvius, a skillful building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, ordinarily known past the original translation – firmness, commodity and please. An equivalent in modern English language would be:

1. Durability – a building should stand upwardly robustly and remain in good status.
2. Utility – information technology should be suitable for the purposes for which it is used.
3. Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing.

Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (bachelor building materials and bellboy skills). As homo cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "compages" is the name given to the virtually highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.

Filmmaking [edit]

Filmmaking is the procedure of making a motility-picture, from an initial formulation and inquiry, through scriptwriting, shooting and recording, blitheness or other special effects, editing, audio and music work and finally distribution to an audience; it refers broadly to the creation of all types of films, embracing documentary, strains of theatre and literature in picture, and poetic or experimental practices, and is often used to refer to video-based processes as well.

Figurer art [edit]

Visual artists are no longer express to traditional Visual arts media. Computers have been used as an ever more than common tool in the visual arts since the 1960s. Uses include the capturing or creating of images and forms, the editing of those images and forms (including exploring multiple compositions) and the final rendering or printing (including 3D printing). Figurer art is any in which computers played a role in product or display. Such fine art can exist an paradigm, sound, animation, video, CD-ROM, DVD, video game, website, algorithm, performance or gallery installation. Many traditional disciplines are at present integrating digital technologies and, every bit a result, the lines between traditional works of art and new media works created using computers take been blurred. For example, an artist may combine traditional painting with algorithmic art and other digital techniques. As a result, defining computer art by its end product can exist difficult. Nevertheless, this type of art is showtime to appear in fine art museum exhibits, though it has yet to show its legitimacy as a form unto itself and this technology is widely seen in contemporary fine art more than every bit a tool rather than a class as with painting. On the other hand, there are computer-based artworks which vest to a new conceptual and postdigital strand, assuming the same technologies, and their social impact, as an object of inquiry.

Reckoner usage has blurred the distinctions between illustrators, photographers, photo editors, 3-D modelers, and handicraft artists. Sophisticated rendering and editing software has led to multi-skilled image developers. Photographers may become digital artists. Illustrators may become animators. Handicraft may be computer-aided or use computer-generated imagery every bit a template. Computer clip art usage has also made the clear stardom between visual arts and page layout less obvious due to the easy admission and editing of clip art in the procedure of paginating a certificate, especially to the unskilled observer.

Plastic arts [edit]

Plastic arts is a term for fine art forms that involve physical manipulation of a plastic medium by moulding or modeling such as sculpture or ceramics. The term has also been applied to all the visual (not-literary, not-musical) arts.^{[22] [23]}

Materials that can be carved or shaped, such as stone or wood, concrete or steel, have also been included in the narrower definition, since, with appropriate tools, such materials are as well capable of modulation.^{[ commendation needed ]} This use of the term "plastic" in the arts should not be confused with Piet Mondrian'south use, nor with the move he termed, in French and English, "Neoplasticism."

Sculpture [edit]

Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard or plastic material, sound, or text and or light, commonly stone (either rock or marble), clay, metallic, glass, or wood. Some sculptures are created directly by finding or etching; others are assembled, built together and fired, welded, molded, or cast. Sculptures are often painted.^[24] A person who creates sculptures is called a sculptor.

Because sculpture involves the utilise of materials that tin can exist moulded or modulated, it is considered one of the plastic arts. The majority of public fine art is sculpture. Many sculptures together in a garden setting may be referred to as a sculpture garden. Sculptors do not ever brand sculptures by manus. With increasing engineering science in the 20th century and the popularity of conceptual art over technical mastery, more sculptors turned to art fabricators to produce their artworks. With fabrication, the artist creates a pattern and pays a fabricator to produce information technology. This allows sculptors to create larger and more complex sculptures out of fabric like cement, metal and plastic, that they would non be able to create by hand. Sculptures can as well exist made with 3-d press technology.

US copyright definition of visual fine art [edit]

In the United States, the law protecting the copyright over a piece of visual art gives a more restrictive definition of "visual fine art".^[25]

A "work of visual art" is —
(one) a painting, cartoon, impress or sculpture, existing in a single re-create, in a express edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered by the author, or, in the case of a sculpture, in multiple cast, carved, or fabricated sculptures of 200 or fewer that are consecutively numbered by the writer and bear the signature or other identifying mark of the author; or
(two) a still photographic image produced for exhibition purposes only, existing in a single copy that is signed by the author, or in a limited edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered by the author.

A work of visual art does not include —
(A)(i) whatsoever affiche, map, world, chart, technical drawing, diagram, model, applied art, move picture or other audiovisual work, book, magazine, newspaper, periodical, data base of operations, electronic information service, electronic publication, or similar publication;
  (ii) any merchandising detail or ad, promotional, descriptive, covering, or packaging material or container;
  (iii) whatsoever portion or part of any item described in clause (i) or (ii);
(B) any work made for hire; or
(C) any work not bailiwick to copyright protection nether this title.

See also [edit]

• Fine art materials
• Asemic writing
• Collage
• Crowdsourcing creative piece of work
• Décollage
• Ecology art
• Found object
• Graffiti
• History of fine art
• Analogy
• Installation art
• Interactive art
• Landscape art
• Mathematics and art
• Mixed media
• Portraiture
• Process art
• Recording medium
• Sketch (drawing)
• Sound art
• Vexillography
• Video art
• Visual arts and Theosophy
• Visual impairment in fine art
• Visual poetry

References [edit]

1. ^ An Most.com article by art expert, Shelley Esaak: What Is Visual Fine art?
2. ^ Dissimilar Forms of Art – Practical Art. Buzzle.com. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
3. ^ "Centre for Arts and Blueprint in Toronto, Canada". Georgebrown.ca. 15 February 2011. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
4. ^ Fine art History: Arts and Crafts Movement: (1861–1900). From Globe Wide Arts Resources Archived 13 October 2009 at the Portuguese Spider web Archive. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
5. ^ Ulger, Kani (1 March 2016). "The artistic training in the visual arts education". Thinking Skills and Inventiveness. 19: 73–87. doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2015.10.007. ISSN 1871-1871.
6. ^ Adrone, Gumisiriza. "Schoolhouse of industrial art and design".
7. ^ "drawing | Principles, Techniques, & History". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 Baronial 2020.
8. ^ History of Drawing. From Dibujos para Pintar. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
9. ^ "Cartoon". History.com. 2006. Archived from the original on 14 March 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
10. ^ "painting | History, Elements, Techniques, Types, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 August 2020.
11. ^ History of Painting. From History Earth. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
12. ^ "Fine art history | visual arts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 August 2020.
13. ^ History of Renaissance Painting. From ART 340 Painting. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
14. ^ Mutsaers, Inge. "Ashgate Joins Routledge – Routledge" (PDF). Ashgate.com. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
15. ^ "Impressionist fine art & paintings, What is Impressionist art? Introduction to Impressionism". Retrieved 24 September 2018.
16. ^ Impressionism. Webmuseum, Paris. Retrieved 24 Oct 2009
17. ^ Post-Impressionism. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
18. ^ Modern Fine art Movements. Irish gaelic Art Encyclopedia. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
19. ^ The Printed Image in the West: History and Techniques. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 25 Oct 2009.
20. ^ Engraving in Chinese Art. From Engraving Review Archived 29 July 2012 at annal.today. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
21. ^ The History of Engraving in Mainland china. From ChinaVista. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
22. ^ Art Terminology at KSU ^{[ dead link ]}
23. ^ "Merriam-Webster Online (entry for "plastic arts")". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
24. ^ Gods in Colour: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity 22 September 2007 Through 20 January 2008, The Arthur M. Sackler Museum Archived 4 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
25. ^ "Copyright Law of the Us of America – Chapter ane (101. Definitions)". .gov. Retrieved 30 October 2011.

Bibliography [edit]

• Barnes, A. C., The Art in Painting, 3rd ed., 1937, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., NY.
• Bukumirovic, D. (1998). Maga Magazinovic. Biblioteka Fatalne srpkinje knj. br. 4. Beograd: Narodna knj.
• Fazenda, M. J. (1997). Between the pictorial and the expression of ideas: the plastic arts and literature in the dance of Paula Massano. north.p.
• Gerón, C. (2000). Enciclopedia de las artes plásticas dominicanas: 1844–2000. fourth ed. Dominican Commonwealth s.n.
• Oliver Grau (Ed.): MediaArtHistories. MIT-Printing, Cambridge 2007. with Rudolf Arnheim, Barbara Stafford, Sean Cubitt, Due west. J. T. Mitchell, Lev Manovich, Christiane Paul, Peter Weibel a.o. Rezensionen
• Laban, R. V. (1976). The language of motion: a guidebook to choreutics. Boston: Plays.
• La Farge, O. (1930). Plastic prayers: dances of the Southwestern Indians. n.p.
• Restany, P. (1974). Plastics in arts. Paris, New York: northward.p.
• Academy of Pennsylvania. (1969). Plastics and new fine art. Philadelphia: The Falcon Pr.

External links [edit]

• ArtLex – online lexicon of visual art terms.
• Calendar for Artists – calendar list of visual art festivals.
• Art History Timeline past the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts

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